Instructional Design is a path to learning. Simply put it is the tool that helps learners focus on a subject and aids the instructor in developing a plan that supports the learning goals. Good Instructional Design will begin with the end in mind and focus on what the student should know at the end of the topic. It will include a Performance Objective or statement of how it will be learned.
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Understanding your audience, being able to connect, inspire and engage them are essential to good Instructional Design.
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Additional Resources:
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https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blended-and-online-learning/
Examples of Design Theories
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Problem-Based Learning, a form of active-based learning is when skills are developed through a progressive sequence of contextual problems, coupled with support of the teacher and other learning materials. One of its main objectives is to foster independent and lifelong learners.
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http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxh139/PBL.htm
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Anchored instruction is based on previous knowledge that must be retrieved and is prompted by a problem or situation. Learning is around situations or scenarios that contain a problem to be solved, allows for exploration and experimentation and research. Anchored instruction must also motivate students by providing interesting activities and initiate the discovery learning process.
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http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/anchored-instruction.html